![]() ![]() Tools to help assess risk include the National Cancer Institute Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool, commonly known as the Gail model ( ). Multiple family members with breast cancer.A male family member with breast cancer.A BRCA-related cancer (ie, breast, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate).7,11,12 The risk of having a gene variant associated with hereditary breast cancer is higher in individuals with 7,11,12 Professional organizations recommend that primary care providers assess whether women or men are at increased risk of having mutations in BRCA1/2 based on personal or family history. Family history: close relatives with certain types of cancer.Diet and lifestyle: smoking, excessive alcohol, physical inactivity, overweight.Previous treatment with radiation therapy to the chest.Menopause starting after 55 years of age.Menstruation starting before 12 years of age.While older age and hereditary gene variants are important risk factors for developing breast cancer, other factors associated with increased risk that all women should be aware of include 2,11 2,11 Other genes are associated with hereditary breast cancer, and the most established associations are with variants of ATM, BARD1, CDH1, CHEK2, NF1, PALB2, PTEN, STK11, and TP53. Two important risk factors for breast cancer are advanced (≥50 years) age and presence of inherited variants in the breast cancer susceptibility 1 and 2 genes ( BRCA1/2), which account for 20% to 25% of hereditary breast cancers. Relative survival is calculated by dividing the percentage of patients with the disease who are still alive at the end of time period (in this case 5 years) by the percentage of people in the general population of the same sex and age who are alive at the end of the same time period. Regional: spread to regional lymph nodes (stage III)ĭistant: cancer has metastasized (stage IV)Ī Relative survival: a method of comparing the survival of people with a specific disease with those who do not have the disease. Localized: confined to the primary site (stage I/II) Female Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis, and 5-Year Relative Survival a Stage at diagnosis 9 ![]() 9 However, survival decreases markedly with more advanced-stage disease (Table). The 5-year relative survival rate for all women diagnosed with breast cancer is approximately 91% (2012-2018). 10 Notably, breast cancer in young women tends to be found at a later stage, be more aggressive, and be difficult to treat. 9 About 9% of all new cases are found in women <45 years of age. 9 However, breast cancer also occurs in younger women: approximately 27% of breast cancers occur in women 35 to 54 years of age. 2Īpproximately half (52%) of all breast cancers occur in women 55 to 74 years of age. 2 Men can also get breast cancer, although much less commonly about 1 of every 100 breast cancers are in men. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that each year in the United States around 255,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer, and approximately 42,000 will die from the disease. Although this article uses the terms woman, female, man, and male to reflect language in source materials, healthcare professionals should also consider the needs of transgender and gender-diverse individuals in terms of counseling, screening, and treatment. This article will discuss breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and how diagnosis at an early stage can improve outcomes. 7,8 These individuals may benefit from more frequent surveillance or from risk reducing-treatments. 7,8 Consequently, genetic testing can identify women, as well as men, who are at increased risk. 5,6 For example, approximately 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are hereditary. 4 Identifying individuals with risk factors leads to early diagnosis through providing appropriate risk-based screening. Screening mammography for women with an average risk of developing breast cancer reduces rates of advanced and fatal breast cancers. 1 Fortunately, breast cancer can be treated, and early diagnosis leads to better outcomes. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death for women in the United States. ![]()
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